Solar power has a wide range of applications across various fields. First, for individual users, it includes small-scale solar systems ranging from 10 to 100W, ideal for remote and off-grid areas such as mountainous regions, islands, pastoral zones, border posts, and military outposts. These systems can power basic appliances like lights, TVs, and tape recorders. For residential use, there are home rooftop grid-connected systems with capacities of 3–5KW. Additionally, photovoltaic water pumps are used in areas without electricity to provide drinking and irrigation water from deep wells.
In the transportation sector, solar energy powers navigation lights, traffic and railway signals, warning signs, street lights, high-altitude obstacle lights, wireless phone booths on highways and railways, and unattended power supplies for roads.
In communication and broadcasting, solar energy supports unattended microwave relay stations, optical cable maintenance stations, broadcast and paging power systems, rural carrier telephone systems, small communication devices, and even soldier GPS power supplies.
For the petroleum, marine, and meteorological sectors, solar energy is used in cathodic protection systems for oil pipelines and reservoir gates, emergency power for offshore rigs, marine monitoring equipment, and weather and hydrological observation tools.
Solar energy is also widely used in household lighting, including garden lights, street lights, portable lanterns, camping lights, hiking lights, fishing lights, black lights, tapping lights, and energy-saving lamps.
Large-scale photovoltaic power stations, ranging from 10KW to 50MW, are being developed, along with hybrid systems combining solar with wind (Chai) energy, and large parking lot charging stations.
Solar-integrated buildings are becoming a key trend, where solar panels are combined with building materials to achieve self-sufficient electricity for future large structures, marking a major direction in sustainable development.
Other applications include solar-powered vehicles and electric cars, battery charging stations, car air conditioners, ventilation fans, cool boxes, and more. Solar energy also supports hydrogen production and fuel cell systems, desalination plants, and even space-based solar power stations for satellites and spacecraft.
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