With the rapid advancement of science and technology, access control systems have become one of the three core components of modern security infrastructure, alongside alarm systems and video surveillance. As a critical part of building safety, it stands out as an active system rather than a passive one, making its role irreplaceable. Today, the demand for access control is growing, extending beyond simple entry and exit management. Modern systems now require multi-functional integration with anti-theft alarms, video monitoring, building automation, and fire detection. The key reason these systems are here to stay lies in their strong support for identity recognition, authentication, networking, and seamless integration.
**Identity Recognition and Authentication Technology**
In the past, password keyboards and magnetic card systems were considered a big leap from traditional locks, but they had major flaws—passwords could be easily guessed, and magnetic cards were prone to wear and duplication. Later, contactless cards emerged, offering better storage and processing capabilities, yet they still faced issues like limited lifespan and user inconvenience. Meanwhile, non-contact RF cards have proven to be more durable, secure, and convenient. They offer long life, high security, and are difficult to copy, making them a rising force in the industry. RFID technology has become the standard for contactless cards, with faster response times and higher frequencies shaping the future of identification.
In the 1980s and 1990s, advances in computer and optical scanning technologies made fingerprint recognition possible. Image processing algorithms enabled the development of biometric access control systems. Research shows that fingerprints, palm lines, facial features, retinas, and irises all have unique, stable characteristics that remain consistent throughout a person’s life. These traits make them ideal for identity verification. Biometric-based systems are highly secure and reliable due to the uniqueness and non-reproducibility of biological traits.
Currently, both contactless and biometric access control systems dominate the market. Fingerprint recognition is the most widely used form of biometrics, and supporting technologies like RFID and biometric sensors are now well-established.
**Networking Technology**
The networking structure of an access control system plays a crucial role in ensuring its stability and reliability. Industry experts agree that a dual-network approach offers the best performance. This includes using two identical communication channels, such as dual RS485 or dual TCP/IP interfaces, which can switch between each other to enhance system resilience.
Another form of dual networking involves combining TCP/IP and RS485 into a hybrid network. Subnets use RS485 for local communication, while inter-subnet communication relies on Ethernet. This setup combines the strengths of both networks, enabling large-scale deployment, fast data transmission, and enhanced security. Typically, the upper layer uses TCP/IP for communication with the central PC, while the lower layer uses RS485 for connections between controllers and readers. This layered architecture ensures efficient and secure system operation.
**Integrated Linkage Technology**
How does an access control system achieve multi-system integration? There are two main approaches:
1. **Integration based on the access control system itself**, where the focus is on the access control unit. When an alarm is triggered, the system can call video footage and control the scene accordingly. For example, if a door is forced open, the system can automatically switch the camera feed to a monitor, start recording, and even adjust the pan-tilt to a preset position.
2. **Software-level integration** between subsystems. Integration isn’t just about hardware; it also involves software compatibility. The success of this depends on whether devices provide open interfaces like SDKs or APIs. Once available, software can manage and monitor hardware, track status, and implement linkage strategies. A modular and platform-based approach, similar to how Windows supports various hardware through drivers, is essential for scalable and flexible security solutions.
**Conclusion**
While there are many other important technologies involved, such as microcontroller design, the core of modern access control lies in identity recognition, networking, and integration. As security needs grow, standalone systems are no longer sufficient. However, with more subsystems comes increased complexity. To maintain efficiency and performance, systems must be integrated intelligently and systematically. Only then can access control truly meet the demands of today's complex and evolving security environment.
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