In modern industrial production, the use of lasers has become increasingly widespread, with applications ranging from laser welding and soldering to cutting, marking, engraving, and cleaning. However, many people remain unaware of the potential health risks associated with the smoke and fumes generated during these processes. This article aims to highlight some of the harmful by-products produced in various laser processing activities, serving as a reference and a warning for all involved. It is especially important for laser equipment operators, EHS (Environment, Health, and Safety) personnel, management teams, and manufacturers to recognize these dangers and implement effective, ongoing protective measures.
Metal Processing
When working with metals, laser processing can release heavy metal vapors that are harmful to human health. These vapors can affect vital organs and tissues. According to medical observations, several metals and their compounds are particularly concerning, including manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), beryllium (Be), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb). The health effects may include:
- Toxic effects
- Allergic reactions (e.g., Zn, Cu)
- Pulmonary fibrosis (e.g., Be)
- Carcinogenic effects (e.g., Cr+6, NiO)
Plastic Cutting
Cutting plastics using lasers can produce a variety of hazardous substances. At lower temperatures, aliphatic hydrocarbons are released, while at higher temperatures, more dangerous compounds like aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs) and polyhalogenated polycyclic hydrocarbons (like dioxins and furans) may form. Additionally, some materials can generate cyanide, isocyanate (found in polyurethane), acrylate (from PMMA), and hydrogen peroxide (from PVC). These substances pose serious health risks, including:
- Toxic effects: cyanide, carbon monoxide, and benzene derivatives
- Allergens/irritants: isocyanates, acrylates
- Carcinogenic risk: benzene, certain PAHs
Ceramic Processing
During ceramic processing, various metal oxides such as aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) may be released. One particularly dangerous substance is beryllium oxide (BeO), which is highly toxic and can cause severe respiratory issues and long-term health damage.
Wafer Processing
In semiconductor wafer processing, fine particles of silicon (Si) and silica (SiOâ‚‚) can become airborne, posing a risk of inhalation. These particles can settle in the lungs and potentially lead to silicosis, a serious lung disease caused by prolonged exposure to silica dust.
Cutting Paper and Wood
Laser cutting of paper and wood can produce organic by-products such as cellulose fragments, esters, acids, ethanol, and even benzene. While some of these substances may not be immediately dangerous, they can still contribute to air quality issues and long-term health concerns if not properly managed.
In conclusion, it is essential to adopt effective safety measures in daily operations to protect workers from the harmful effects of laser-generated fumes. Proper ventilation, personal protective equipment (PPE), and regular monitoring are crucial steps toward ensuring a safe and healthy work environment. Awareness and proactive action are key to preventing occupational hazards related to laser processing.
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