In modern industrial production, the use of lasers has become increasingly widespread. Applications such as laser welding, soldering, cutting, marking, engraving, and cleaning are now common in many manufacturing processes. However, many people remain unaware of the potential health risks associated with the smoke and fumes generated during these operations. This article aims to highlight some of the hazardous by-products produced in various laser processing activities, serving as a reference and a warning for all involved. It is crucial that laser equipment operators, EHS (Environmental Health and Safety) personnel, management teams, and manufacturers take these risks seriously and implement effective, continuous protective measures.
Metal Processing
When working with metals, vaporized heavy metals can be released into the air. These vapors can have serious effects on human organs and tissues. According to medical observations, several metals and their compounds are particularly concerning, including manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), beryllium (Be), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb). The health impacts range from toxicity and allergic reactions (such as with Zn and Cu) to more severe conditions like pulmonary fibrosis (linked to Be) and even cancer (such as Cr+6 and NiO).
Plastic Cutting
Cutting plastics can release a variety of harmful substances. At lower temperatures, aliphatic hydrocarbons may form, while at higher temperatures, more dangerous compounds like aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, PAHs) and polyhalogenated polycyclic hydrocarbons (like dioxins and furans) are produced. Additionally, some materials may emit cyanide, isocyanates (found in polyurethane), acrylates (from PMMA), and hydrogen peroxide (in PVC). These substances can cause toxic effects, act as allergens or irritants, or even increase the risk of cancer.
Ceramic Processing
During ceramic processing, metal oxides such as aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) can be released. Beryllium oxide (BeO) is especially toxic and should be handled with extreme caution.
Wafer Processing
Silicon (Si) and silica particles can become airborne during wafer processing. If inhaled, these fine particles can settle in the lungs and lead to silicosis, a serious lung disease caused by long-term exposure to crystalline silica dust.
Cutting Paper and Wood
Laser cutting of paper and wood can produce organic by-products such as cellulose fragments, esters, acids, ethanol, and benzene. While not always immediately dangerous, prolonged exposure to these substances can still pose health risks.
In conclusion, it's essential to adopt proper safety measures in daily operations. Effective ventilation systems, personal protective equipment (PPE), and regular monitoring of air quality can significantly reduce the risks associated with laser-generated fumes. Awareness and proactive steps are key to ensuring a safer working environment for everyone involved.
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