130TB data is transmitted in 1 second!
This is the latest record set by China's optical fiber communication transmission. Not long ago, Chinese scientific researchers realized the experiment of 1.06 Pbit / s ultra-large capacity single-mode multi-core optical fiber optical transmission system for the first time. Its transmission capacity is 10 times the maximum capacity of the current commercial single-mode optical fiber transmission system.
So, why can the transmission speed of optical fiber communication be so fast? What is fiber optic communication? Compared with other communication methods, what are its advantages and shortcomings? At present, what fields is the technology mainly applied to?
Use light in glass fiber to transmit information
As a wired network, optical fiber communication cannot meet the needs of mobile. In daily life, our mobile phone communication uses a wireless network, and the existence of optical fiber communication does not seem to be strong.
"But in fact, more than 90% of the information transmission is completed by optical fiber. The mobile phone is connected to the base station through a wireless network, and the signal transmission between the base stations mostly depends on the optical fiber." Deputy of the Optical System Research Laboratory of the State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Communication Network Technology Director He Zhixue said in an interview with a reporter from Science and Technology Daily.
An optical fiber is an optical fiber, which is as thin as a hairline, and can be buried directly, overhead, or placed on the seabed. Because of its lightness, convenience, and low cost of raw materials, it eventually replaced bulky cables and became the mainstream signal transmission medium.
Simply put, optical fiber communication is optical communication. Common optical communication applications are telescopes, traffic lights, etc. They use the atmosphere to spread visible light, which is visual transmission. Optical fiber communication uses light in glass fibers to transmit information.
An optical fiber communication practitioner told Sci-Tech Daily that compared with electrical signals, optical signals attenuate little during propagation. He explained: "For example, after an optical signal runs for 100 kilometers, the original signal will be attenuated from 1 to 0.99, and an electrical signal may only be run for 1 kilometer and then attenuated from 1 to 0.5. The faster the information decay, the easier it is to distort. "
From a principle point of view, the basic material elements that constitute optical fiber communication are optical fiber, light source and photodetector. Optical fibers are classified according to usage, and can be divided into optical fibers for communication and optical fibers for sensing.
Large capacity and strong long-distance transmission capability
According to reports, the ultimate method of optical fiber broadband access is fiber to the home, that is, directly connect the fiber to the place where the user needs, so that it can use the fiber to obtain a large amount of information.
"Wireless communication is susceptible to electromagnetic interference, and the cost of laying cable transmission is high. In contrast, optical fiber communication has the advantages of large capacity, long-distance transmission capability, good confidentiality, and strong adaptability. Moreover, the optical fiber is small and easy Construction and maintenance, raw material prices are relatively low. "He Zhixue said.
Although optical fiber communication has the above advantages, its shortcomings cannot be ignored. For example, optical fibers are brittle and easily broken. In addition, cutting or connecting optical fibers requires special equipment. It should be noted that urban construction or natural disasters can easily cause fiber-optic line failures.
In practical applications, the realization of optical fiber transmission mainly depends on the optical transmitter and receiver. The optical transmitting terminal can effectively adjust and convert the electrical optical signal, so that the electrical signal is converted into an optical signal carried by the optical fiber; the optical receiving terminal performs reverse conversion and can also demodulate the electrical signal. The optical receiving terminal and the optical transmitting terminal are connected to the optical cable by a connector, so as to realize information transmission, transmission, reception and display.
Related high-end manufacturing equipment depends on imports
Commonly used optical fibers are mainly standard single-mode optical fibers. In theory, the information transmission speed per unit time is about 140 Tbit / s. If the speed of transmitting information reaches this limit, it will cause information congestion. Single-mode fiber usually refers to fiber that can only transmit one mode.
At present, standard single-mode optical fiber communication is one of the communication methods commonly used by operators. The transmission capacity of this method is 16 Tbit / s, which has not yet reached the theoretical limit. "The new record of 1.06 Pbit / s set at the beginning of this year is the result of a breakthrough in single-mode optical fiber communication technology, but such a speed is difficult to achieve in commercial use in a short time." He Zhixue said.
In terms of technology, the multi-core optical fiber transmission mode has a greater advantage in achieving high rates than single mode, but this mode is still very advanced, and further breakthroughs are needed in core technology, key devices, and hardware equipment. .
"After 5 to 10 years, driven by application requirements, the key technology of 1.06 Pbit / s ultra-large capacity single-mode multi-core optical fiber optical transmission system may be first applied to some special scenarios, such as transoceanic transmission and some large-scale Data center. "He Zhi said.
At present, China's optical communication technology can match the international advanced level, but it still faces many difficulties. For example, the relevant industrial foundation is weak, lacking originality and independent technology, and insufficient raw materials for optical fibers. "At present, the high-end equipment required to manufacture fiber materials such as wire drawing and fiber winding depends on imports." He Zhixue said.
At the same time, high-end devices and chips related to optical fiber communications are mainly controlled by developed countries such as the United States and Japan.
In this regard, He Zhixue suggested that we should strengthen the relevant basic theoretical research, do a good job in the long-term layout of core technology, predict the development trend of technology, and jump out of the "tracking-lagging-re-tracking-lagging" technology iteration cycle.
In addition, He Zhixue emphasized that it is necessary to increase investment in R & D, design, and processing of high-end chips and high-end devices, to stimulate the enthusiasm of R & D talents, and to protect original achievements. "In particular, top-level design should be done to achieve collaborative innovation in terms of manpower, infrastructure, and policies, and to improve the corresponding industrial supporting capabilities." He said. (Intern reporter Dai Xiaopei)
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