In the field of precision engineering and machine tool inspection, several key geometric characteristics are measured to ensure accuracy and quality. These include flatness, straightness, perpendicularity, runout, coaxiality, parallelism, and equidistance.
Flatness refers to the condition where a surface is perfectly even, such as the top surface of a vertical machining center. Common measurement methods include the plate method, the plate and indicator method, the flat rule method, the precision level method, and optical methods like laser interferometry.
Straightness measures how close a line is to being perfectly straight, whether in a plane or in space. It applies to parts and motion paths. The techniques used for measuring straightness include the flat rule and indicator method, the steel wire and microscope method, the collimating telescope method, and the laser interferometer method. For angle measurements, precision levels, self-collimators, and laser interferometers are commonly used.
Perpendicularity checks the degree to which two lines or planes are at right angles to each other, or how well a moving part remains perpendicular during motion. This can be measured using the flat rule and indicator method, the square rule and indicator method, and optical tools such as self-collimators, optical squares, and emitters.
Runout includes radial runout, which measures the deviation of a rotating component from its axis, such as the radial runout of the spindle’s positioning cone on a CNC horizontal lathe. Axial runout refers to periodic axial movement, while face runout measures the variation in the end face of a workpiece. These are typically measured using indicators, test rods, and steel balls.
Coaxiality and concentricity refer to the alignment of one axis with another, such as the alignment of the tool hole with the spindle axis in a CNC lathe. Parallelism ensures that two lines or planes remain equidistant and do not converge or diverge. For example, the parallelism between the table of a vertical machining center and the X-axis. Equidistance is similar, ensuring consistent spacing between components, such as the distance between the positioning hole and the table rotation axis.
To measure these properties, various techniques are employed, including the flat rule and indicator method, precision level method, and the indicator and test rod method. These methods help maintain the high standards required in modern manufacturing environments, ensuring that machines operate accurately and consistently over time.
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