Winter temperatures have plummeted, and outdoor sports are no longer so "sweet". Coupled with the poor winter air conditions in some places, many people who love outdoor sports choose to exercise in the city gymnasium. In some cities, there is a large balloon-shaped inflatable stadium, and in the south, there are also such large balloon-shaped ski resorts and skating halls.
It turns out that these large balloon-shaped sports halls are so-called air film sports halls. These air film buildings are also called "air support structures". They are based on new membrane materials and equipped with an intelligent operation control system. The air pressure is provided inside the completely closed air film building, so that the whole building interior always maintains a positive pressure to the external environment, thereby supporting the building body by the internal and external pressure difference.
The new material is the main body of the film
In 1946, Walter-Baud of the United States built a gas-supported membrane dome for the first time at the Canadian "Dur" radar station in the Arctic Ocean. The gas film material was nylon fiber cloth for the US military radar shield, and then The United States built the world's first film tennis stadium in New York in 1963.
At present, the film used in the film sports hall is generally composed of a base layer, a coating layer and a surface layer. The base layer mainly provides mechanical properties for the membrane material, and the coating layer and the surface layer provide the membrane material with anti-aging, anti-radiation, self-cleaning and other special properties. Commonly used base layers are mainly glass fiber and polyester fiber, and commonly used coatings are polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Generally, a film made of glass fiber woven fabric and coated with polytetrafluoroethylene is referred to as a PTFE film, and a film made of polyester fiber as a base layer and coated with polyvinyl chloride is called a PVC film. In order to improve the performance of the film, the surface is often coated with a surface layer such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), acrylate, etc., to enhance the pollution resistance and aging resistance of the original film material.
In recent years, new fully transparent and translucent ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) membranes have begun to be used in gas film construction. ETFE film has high tensile strength, impact strength and tear resistance. Also known as soft glass, ETFE film is an increasingly popular film material. The most typical application case of this kind of material in China is the “Water Cubeâ€. ETFE membrane material has no base layer and has excellent physical properties. It is excellent in abrasion resistance, rub resistance, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. It can maintain stable performance in the temperature range of -200 ° C ~ 150 ° C. It has excellent performance. Climate adaptability. Do not look at its thickness is generally only 0.05 ~ 0.25 mm, but it is very strong, put a car on the supporting film will not be crushed. In addition, the ETFE film also has extremely high light transmittance. Taking the 0.20mm thick ETFE film as an example, the transmittance of the single-layer transparent film is as high as 95%. In the daytime, the natural light can meet the lighting requirements in the film and reduce the use time of the lighting equipment. The surface of ETFE film is very smooth, dust is not easy to adhere, and it has good self-cleaning performance. Surface dust and dirt can be removed by natural scouring of rainwater, and the cleaning cycle is greatly extended, generally speaking. A cleaning job in 5 years is enough.
It is understood that these new gas film materials have a service life of 20 to 30 years and a fire rating of Class B. They are flame retardant materials with good fire resistance. According to industry analysts, the reason why the film sports hall can be developed rapidly in recent years is that the basic film materials have been used, which provides basic support for large-scale use.
Isolation of smog and air
The main body of the film movement hall is made of a barrier film material, and the barrier property and airtightness of the film can greatly block outdoor dust and haze from entering the room. Gas entering the film sports hall generally requires a strict air filtration system to ensure internal air quality. In the case where the outdoor PM value reaches 400, the PM value of the indoor air can be controlled below 30, which is the level of air quality that we often say is excellent.
In addition to the PM value control, there are many real-time data monitoring in the film sports hall, including indoor pressure, indoor temperature, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, and formaldehyde concentration. Not only will there be no difficulty breathing, but it will inhale more fresh air than the outside. Beijing Sports University conducted a sports test on the Li Ning Badminton Hall in Beijing Chaoyang Park in 2013. The data shows that the indoor air is filtered through a space purification unit in the mechanical system to treat harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and formaldehyde. Effectively monitor and realize functions such as negative ion and ultraviolet sterilization, providing sports enthusiasts with a high-quality sports environment.
The construction of the film sports hall is equivalent to building a dome that separates it under the smog dome, allowing people to exercise under a relatively safe and healthy dome.
Create a four season ski resort
At present, the snow in domestic ski resorts basically relies on artificial snowmaking, but it also needs the external environment to meet certain conditions. If the temperature is too high or the humidity is not enough, it is difficult for the snow machine to make snow. On the other hand, when the temperature is too high, the snow on the snow will melt, which will increase the operating cost of the ski resort. This also makes skiing a season-limited sport. Due to the climate, ski resorts in the north can operate for 4 to 6 months, while ski resorts in the south are much shorter.
For the skating venues, the ice surface temperature requirement is kept constant, preferably -4 ° C ~ -2 ° C, the ice surface is not too hard due to the temperature is too low, nor can it be too soft due to too high temperature. The temperature fluctuation range of other ice and snow projects is also relatively constant. For example, the temperature change area of ​​the ice hockey hall cannot exceed 5 degrees Celsius, and the difficulty and cost of maintaining the temperature are high.
The film building can help us create a “membrane indoor ski resort†that can operate all year round. With the help of the gas film, the temperature, humidity, wind, wind direction, etc. in the ski resort can be controlled. The temperature and other adjustments are completely adjusted by the intelligent control system inside the air film. The air film sports hall is a good building with constant temperature and constant pressure. Features can be fully utilized. At the end of the sports hall, there is no pillar and no beam structure in the interior. There is no span and height restriction. It is the same as the outdoor natural ski resort experience. In addition, the design of the film material is not limited, so you can create a dreamy skiing pavilion and let the ski pavilion look. More beautiful.
In recent years, the Winter Sports Management Center of the State Sports General Administration has actively expanded the “North Ice Migration†and held the short track speed skating World Cup and the figure skating Grand Prix in Shanghai and Nanjing, even in Jiangsu, Yunnan and other provinces and cities. Set up the winter project team. It is our air film museum that supports this "North Ice Migration" decision.
More and more widely used
There are no beams, no pillars and no windows in the film movement hall. The span can reach 180 meters. Your weight per square meter is no more than 3 kilograms. The whole space is very wide. Because the film is light transmissive, it can fully utilize the sunshine luminosity during the daytime, no need to fill up the light, and save energy. Compared with the traditional building, the film pavilion has significant advantages, low investment cost, movable, environmental protection and short construction period. For example, the Shijingshan Qidi Ice and Snow Sports Center, the completion of the film ice hockey A and B museums is only one week away. This speed is unimaginable in the traditional construction industry. The cost per unit area is only one-fifth of the steel structure, and the comprehensive energy consumption after completion is only half of the steel structure.
The gas film venue has a significant advantage. In addition to sports facilities such as tennis courts, badminton halls, swimming pools, golf practice halls, indoor soccer stadiums, ice hockey halls and multi-purpose sports fields, it is also used in industrial, mining, construction, military and warehousing areas.
a village named four chemical elements
Ytterby is the name of a village. The village is located in Sweden and looks unremarkable. It is probably the place that few people know except the locals. However, here is a sacred place in the chemical world: the discovery of seven elements originated here, and there are as many as four chemical elements directly named by Itby.
This starts with the local Itby mine. The Itby Mine was originally a place where local people mined feldspar. Although feldspar is not a rare mineral, it can make porcelain and has a large market demand. In 1787, the chemist Carl Axel Arrhenius found a strange, heavy black ore in the mine. He named the stone "ytterbite" and sent the sample to his friend chemist Johan Gadolin. Johan Gadolin first obtained a new metal element oxide, yttrium oxide (Y2O3), from these ores. This is the first kind of rare earth compound known. The name of é’‡ is derived from Itby, which is called Yttrium. This ore was later named Gadolinite, a silicon germanium ore.
After that, the researchers have successively separated more new rare earth elements from the ore of Itby. The names of the four elements are taken directly from the Internet: Yttrium, Ytterbium, Terbium and Erbium. The new elements are still being discovered, but it is not appropriate to continue using the letters of Ytterby, so the chemists finally gave up this naming. Other elements found through local ore are Holmium, Thulium and Scandium.
The discovery of these elements is very important, they not only perfect the periodic table of elements, but also various rare earth elements have found quite important uses later. For example, the famous "high-temperature superconductor" bismuth copper oxide, which contains the strontium element found in Itby. Why can a small village bring so many new elements to discover? There are some coincidences in this, but it is also related to the characteristics of rare earth elements. Rare earth metal elements often appear in nature, and they are difficult to separate from each other, so new elements can be continuously separated from the ore in the same place.
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