Common mistakes in chemical fertilizer application

1. After applying urea on the soil surface, it is important to water it promptly. However, excessive flooding can lead to significant nitrogen loss due to leaching or volatilization. To minimize this, urea should be applied using methods such as band application, furrow application, or hole placement. The fertilizer should be placed at a depth of 7–10 cm and covered immediately with soil to ensure even distribution. In summer, irrigation should be done after 2–3 days, while in spring and autumn, it's recommended to wait 6–8 days before watering. This helps maintain nutrient availability and prevents wastage. 2. Applying superphosphate directly to seeds is not advisable. This fertilizer contains 3.5–5% free acid, which can be highly corrosive. If superphosphate is used as a seed fertilizer, especially after being stored for a long time, it may damage the seeds and reduce germination and emergence rates. To avoid this, it’s best to apply superphosphate in a band or in holes alongside the seed row, ensuring that there is a layer of soil separating the fertilizer from the seeds. This protects the seeds and improves nutrient uptake. 3. Diammonium phosphate should not be applied with water. When dissolved in water, it can cause nitrogen to volatilize and phosphorus to remain on the soil surface, limiting its availability to plant roots. As a result, crops may not receive adequate nutrients, making the fertilizer less effective. It is recommended to use diammonium phosphate as a base fertilizer. If it must be applied as a top dressing, it should be done early, placed in deep furrows, and then covered with soil. A typical furrow depth is around 10 cm, which helps retain nutrients in the root zone. 4. Ammonium bicarbonate should not be applied on the soil surface because it tends to stay shallow and doesn’t mix well with the soil. This leads to poor nutrient retention and low fertilizer efficiency. To improve effectiveness, ammonium bicarbonate should be deeply incorporated into the soil and followed by immediate watering. This allows the ammonia to be fully absorbed by the soil particles, reducing losses. Studies have shown that deep application can increase fertilizer utilization by 10–30%, making it a more efficient practice.

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